SemiAnalysis and Bernstein analysts say chip substrates are the primary bottleneck in AI infrastructure
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SemiAnalysis CEO Dylan Patel said at CASPA's 35th annual conference that the biggest supply chain bottleneck in AI infrastructure is not power but chip substrates, and that cautious capacity expansion by Japanese suppliers makes it difficult to rapidly increase key materials. Bernstein senior analyst Stacy Rasgon expects semiconductor supply chain tightness to potentially persist until 2028. Patel also estimated that the cost of building 1 gigawatt of computing infrastructure has risen from about $40 billion in 2024 to more than $60 billion today, an increase of over 50% in two years; meanwhile, Nvidia's share of CoWoS and HBM resources has begun to decline and is expected to fall further in 2027.
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The two analysts, speaking at an industry conference, offered a specific judgment that the AI infrastructure bottleneck has shifted from power to chip substrates, along with cost and capacity data.
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10月28日消息, SemiAnalysis CEO Dylan Patel指出,芯片基板是人工智能(AI)基建最大瓶颈,伯恩斯坦资深分析师Stacy Rasgon则指出,半导体供应链紧张恐延续2028年。
另一方面,Google、亚马逊加速自研芯片,英伟达的HBM与CoWoS资源占比下滑,未来高利润率面临考验。
10月23日,Patel以及Rasgon在美国圣塔克拉拉举行的CASPA第35届年度大会上,针对AI投资能否持续、半导体供应链瓶颈及英伟达的竞争优势展开讨论。
Patel指出,当前AI基础设施建设面临的最大供应链瓶颈并非电力,而是芯片基板。由于日本相关供应商扩产态度谨慎,关键材料供应难以迅速增加。
Rasgon则预期,半导体供应链紧张情况可能延续至2028年,2029年的供需状况则将取决于市场需求变化。
另一方面,英伟达在全球CoWoS先进封装及HBM资源消耗中的占比已开始下滑,预计2027年将进一步下降。
随着Google、亚马逊等科技巨头加速自研芯片布局,英伟达未来的市场占有率及高利润率能否持续,也将面临新的考验。
Patel 指出,芯片基板是目前AI基础设施供应链中最严重的瓶颈,影响程度甚至超过土地、电力及半导体制造设备等环节。
由于芯片基板及相关材料过去长期投资不足,加上日本供应商扩产态度谨慎,AI加速器与CPU的产能扩张受到限制。此外,存储芯片及光学互连元件也面临供应吃紧的问题。
相较之下,电力短缺仍有其他解决途径。SemiAnalysis预估,2027年全球在建数据中心规模将接近50吉瓦(GW),其中美国约占35吉瓦。业者可通过部署现场燃气涡轮机、燃料电池等设备,部分缓解电力供应限制;但半导体供应链扩产需要更长时间,难以迅速增加供给。
AI基础设施建设成本攀升,也为产业扩张带来压力。Patel估算,2024年建设1吉瓦算力基础设施的总成本约为400亿美元,如今已超过600亿美元,两年内涨幅逾50%。