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On October 13, 2026, Pydantic founder Samuel Colvin put forward the view that graph libraries (such as LangGraph) are the wrong direction, and that code itself is a graph: if is a branch, for is a loop, function calls are edges, and await asyncio.gather is fan-out and fan-in. To this end, the team built Monty, a sandboxed Python interpreter that can snapshot and restore at every external function call, enabling durable execution. He also pointed out that type safety, parallel execution, and state snapshots are difficult to achieve all three at once. Currently, this view has been published in an official Pydantic AI article, and there are no subsequent developments as facts yet.
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Pydantic Founder: Code Itself Is the Graph — How the Monty Sandbox Interpreter Runs AgentsDevelopments
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Oct 13
Official Pydantic AI articleFirst-party
Pydantic Founder: Code Itself Is the Graph — How the Monty Sandbox Interpreter Runs Agents
Pydantic founder Samuel Colvin believes that graph libraries (such as LangGraph) are the wrong direction, because code itself is the graph: if is a branch, for is a loop, a function call is an edge, and await asyncio.gather is fan-out and fan-in. To this end, the team built Monty, a sandboxed Python interpreter that can snapshot and restore at every external function call, enabling durable execution. He also points out that type safety, parallel execution, and state snapshots are difficult to achieve all at once.