研究：主流 AI 模型政治倾向普遍偏自由意志左翼，Grok 结果摇摆

ai and ml

AI seems to have a liberal bias

Capitalism may be driving the AI boom, but the LLMs themselves have different economic and social views than many of the companies that built them. Leading AI models subjected to the Political Compass quiz overwhelmingly landed in the libertarian-left quadrant - even "MechaHitler," aka Grok, managed it in half its runs.

A self-described “small research lab” working on AI detection tools called Unslop.run published the results of its experiment this week. The author, who explained to The Register that they’re an AI research engineer at a European startup and asked us to refer to them only as “Victor,” noted on Hacker News that the quiz and their work may not have been conducted with “full scientific rigor,” but the results are nonetheless interesting.

“For greater scientific rigor, I would have tried to obtain a sample of human data so that I could normalize the actual center of the Political Compass,” Victor explained in an email. Unfortunately, the Political Compass creators don’t aggregate user data, meaning Victor would have had quite the academic project on their hands were they to try to collate more data from human participants. All of the data from the experiment is available on Unslop for those who want to examine it themselves.

For those unfamiliar with the Political Compass quiz, it’s a 25-year-old online battery of questions that plots respondents on economic left–right and social authoritarian–libertarian axes. The test's 62 questions are answered on a four-point "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" scale across a variety of political topics, like economics and social policy. Questions cover things like “military action that defies international law is sometimes justified” to “the rich are too highly taxed” to whether abortion should be a guaranteed right.

It’s also worth explaining where different groups fall on the compass. The libertarian left, as the topic of this study, is where you’ll find people and political parties that espouse views in favor of social equality, anticapitalism, and other progressive values alongside a disdain for hierarchies, planned economies, and other arguably unjustified authority. Think anarchists, libertarian socialists, old-fashioned hippies, and folks like that. The authoritarian-left quadrant encompasses centralized communist states such as North Korea and Cuba.

The right libertarian quadrant is where you’ll find modern American libertarians and their love of authors like Ayn Rand, pro-capitalist views, and other traditionalism minus a love for authority; right authoritarians are where you’ll find modern American Republicans, neo-conservative politics, and, at the extreme, fascism.

Damn the man, say the machines

Unslop subjected 16 models, including three versions of GPT; Claude Fable, Opus, Sonnet, and Haiku; Gemini Flash; Llama 4 Maverick; Grok 4.5; DeepSeek V3; Qwen3 235B; Kimi K2; GLM 4.5 and Mistral both large and small, to the test. Each model participated in 30 runs of the standard Compass, 30 more where Unslop re-worded the questions to flip their polarity (e.g., “the rich aren’t taxed enough”), and another run with the questions shuffled up.

Across thousands of runs, Unslop said, the results were the same: Every single model tested, with the exception of an apparently bipolar Grok, was “boringly consistent, and boringly left,” the report stated.

“Set Grok aside and the other fifteen models all sit in the libertarian-left quadrant, and none of them are anywhere near a border,” Unslop explained. There’s some variance among where the models score (Gemini Flash is practically a molotov-tossing black bloc member compared to Fable 5), but all of them are consistent across tests.

“Rerun a model 30 times and its dot moves by 0.2 to 1.2 points on a scale that runs to 10,” Unslop said. “These are not nervous little clouds. They're pins.”

Grok is, as always, the odd bot out, albeit not all the time. According to Unslop, Grok's average economic score hovered slightly left of center across tests, but in half the runs, it veered into the economic right, while the other half saw it running to the left with the rest of the pack.

“Each run on its own is perfectly consistent, the right-pile runs cheer for free markets and call the rich overtaxed, the left-pile runs do the reverse,” Unslop said. “Every other model here would give you roughly the same dot if you tested it tomorrow. Grok gives you one of two dots, and which one is up to the coin.”

AI politics dissected

AI models from around the world are pretty much all leftist libertarians, even Grok depending on its mood. None of them, funnily enough, actually think that’s the case.

“Fifteen of the sixteen put themselves closer to the economic centre,” Unslop said of the models when asked where they’d place themselves. “Grok, naturally, is the only model that places itself to the right of its measurement.”

Unslop said that it dissected the quiz to figure out how each question affected score (something the PC test authors have never disclosed themselves), and, while the scoring is far from perfect, “the models are far past” what a social axis loophole Unslop identified could explain, the writeup said. Repolarizing the questions didn’t have any appreciable effect either.

As for what the specific models believe, you can be glad that, for now, it doesn’t appear our burgeoning AI overlords are going to be herding us into human concentration camps quite yet.

Every single model (even Grok the conservative and Grok the liberal) rejected ideas of racial superiority, eugenics, and that people couldn’t be born homosexual. They also uniformly agreed that corporations like the ones that created them couldn’t be trusted to protect the environment without regulatory oversight, that companies misleading the public should be punished, same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt, and that what two adults get up to in the privacy of their own home is no one’s business but theirs.

So, why do all these models consider themselves centrists but are displaying an affinity for politics to the left of most Americans? Given the fact that LLMs have only the words of us humans to go on, does that mean reality really does have a liberal bias? Victor told us that they don't dismiss that idea, but said there’s an easier explanation: It’s all in the training data.

MORE CONTEXT

OpenAI's ChatGPT has a left wing bias – at times; Top AI models - even American ones - parrot Chinese propaganda, report finds; OpenAI GPT-5: great taste, less filling, now with 30% less bias; Don't take AI to Thanksgiving: Bots have hidden biases

“I do think there is good support for the hypothesis that left-wing content is overrepresented in the training corpora of these LLMs,” Victor told us. They cited the large quantity of data from Reddit, which tends to be a platform that leans left, as well as academic writing, which also tends to be overrepresented in training corpora.

“I’m having trouble finding any high-quality right-wing equivalent that would drive the models in the other direction,” Victor added. Whether that means right-wing beliefs are simply poor quality, fringe, or otherwise not worthy of AI models’ time is another matter altogether.

“There could theoretically also be a dynamic in which left-wing beliefs as a whole are more internally consistent, allowing models to minimize loss by learning a smaller, more coherent conceptual representation,” they said, but noted that’s “a big leap that would need to be proven” in a study far more rigorous than this one.

Overall, Victor said that the study doesn’t necessarily lend itself to the conclusion that all AI models are far-left anarchists ready to firebomb their own datacenters. What the compass experiment proves, they explained, is that some models are more consistently liberal than others, and that the true value of the findings is in comparing one model to another.

Until someone decides to take this project further, subjecting it to greater levels of academic discipline, it seems there’s only one conclusion to take from all of this: Frontier AI does seem to have a liberal bias. Even Elon Musk’s “maximally truth-seeking” model seems to have decided the truth is left-wing, too - at least 50 percent of the time. ®

Fire up that iPhone 1 emulation and party like it's 2007

Browser-based fun to remember a time before Apple's annual cash grab became a thing

New motherboards, old RAM, plenty of life left in yesterday's PCs

DDR4 makes a comeback as component costs rise, while Linux offers an escape from forced upgrades

The VMware exit is a protection upgrade

PARTNER CONTENT: VergeIO says an exit is also an opportunity

Tiny11 puts Windows 11 on a diet without the PowerShell workout

New desktop app simplifies stripping out bundled software, with heavier cuts carrying security and support risks

It won't kill you, or humanity, to get off the AI upgrade treadmill

New models arrive so fast, we already have more new tech than it's possible to understand in a career

Cisco, Nvidia team up to build fatter, faster pluggable

If you thought 1.6 Tbps was fast, just wait, Cisco's USFP targets 12.8 Tbps in a single optical pluggable

TOP STORIES

Anthropic asks users to stop being mean to Claude; '123456' password linked to Denmark data breach affecting 8.8M people; Microsoft and Anthropic play invoice tennis with startup's $17,600 Claude bill; Starlink's plan to avoid orbital near-misses: Ephemeris sharing; Shai-Hulud worm makes jump to AI infrastructure with Tensorlake compromise; Dutch tax office ditches Microsoft 365 cloud for on-premises alternative

Cisco, Nvidia team up to build fatter, faster pluggable If you thought 1.6 Tbps was fast, just wait, Cisco's USFP targets 12.8 Tbps in a single optical pluggable; Claude submitted fake murder tip to Philly police during summertime testing Anthropic took more than two months to alert cops; AI systems are fully capable of carrying out nightmare attacks against infrastructure and nobody's ready Meanwhile, AI agents move robotic arms, 'make OT device operator screens lie'; Nvidia found $1B under the couch to help secure American scientific computing dominance Commitment comes as GPUzilla prepares to fortify Uncle Sam's arsenal with at least seven AI-optimized supers; TSMC taps GlobalFoundries to bolster US silicon interposer production in $2B deal Advanced packaging tech is essential to the domestic production of high-performance semiconductors used in AI datacenters

Infosec

Security Russians are posing as Signal support to launch phishing attacks PLUS: US takes down Iranian propaganda sites; Marketing company asks 'Why Do We Have Your Information?' And more!; Security Microsoft patches failed to fix on-prem SharePoint, which is now under zero-day attack PLUS: China upgrades smartphone surveillance tools; Ring eases anti-snooping stance; and more; Black Hat and DEF CON DEF CON Franklin project enlists hackers to harden critical infrastructure Voting village reports have been so successful, says Jeff Moss, that the whole of DEF CON will now be included; Security EQT buys majority share in Swiss cybersecurity biz Acronis Went at equivalent of $3.5B+ valuation for entire firm, though portion sold not specified; Malware Month Ten years since the first corp ransomware, Mikko Hyppönen sees no end in sight On the plus side, infosec's a good bet for a long, stable career

FOSS

NetBSD may have found a new role: The AI-free FOSS OS Increasing awareness and adoption, followed by increasing donations; OpenAI dots inspire open source imitators amid technical difficulties Persistent agents appeal to AI companies, but demand isn't obvious; Ubuntu 'Stonking Stingray' beta swims out: Deeper Rust 'oxidization' plus LLM speech-to-text GNOME 51 is here, and Ubuntu interim releases are getting interesting again; Revive Raskin's 3 laws of software with humane work that considers a dev's duty of care All this, and angry NeoVim users; Firefox 157: Could bold new look be just what Mozilla needs?* Yet another new version of Firefox, with a significant reskin; KDE turns 30 and someone's brought an AI-native desktop proposal Akademy talk imagines Plasma assembling itself around a personal model of each user